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Article History

Received: 9 December 2025

Accepted: 26 February 2026

First Online: 24 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Sikander Ailawadhi has provided consultancy for GSK, Sanofi, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Takeda, Beigene, Regeneron, Johnson & Johnson, Cellectar, Amgen, and Pharmacyclics; and received research funding from GSK, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, Ascentage, AbbVie, Xencor, Amgen, and Pharmacyclics. Doris K. Hansen has provided consultancy for Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Kite Pharma/Gilead Sciences, and Karyopharm; and received research funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, Adaptive Biotechnologies, and Karyopharm. Binod Dhakal has provided consultancy for Genentech and Pfizer; received research funding from Johnson & Johnson, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Acrellx, Sanofi, Carsgen, and C4 Therapeutics; received honoraria from Johnson & Johnson, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Karyopharm, Genentech, and Pfizer; and participated in a Speakers Bureau for Johnson & Johnson and Pfizer. Leyla O. Shune has provided consultancy for Bristol-Myers Squibb and Johnson & Johnson. Larry D. Anderson Jr has provided consultancy to Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, AbbVie, Johnson & Johnson, Prothena, Sanofi, Beigene, Cellectar Biosciences, and Amgen; received research funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, AbbVie, Johnson & Johnson, and Cellectar Biosciences; received honoraria from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, Prothena, Sanofi, Pfizer, Beigene, Cellectar Biosciences, and Amgen; and participated in a Board of Directors or Advisory Committee for Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, AbbVie, Karyopharm, Johnson & Johnson, Prothena, Sanofi, Pfizer, Beigene, Cellectar Biosciences, and Amgen. Kevin C. DeBraganca, Tamar Lengil, Victoria Alegria, Jack Hoang Lu, Elizabeth Sacchi, Seina Lee, Stephen Huo, Todd Bixby, and Zaina P. Qureshi are employees of Johnson & Johnson, and own stock/stock options in Johnson & Johnson. Matthew Perciavalle is an employee of Legend Biotech and owns stock/stock options in Legend Biotech. Bruno Emond is an employee of Analysis Group ULC, a consulting company that has provided paid consulting services to Johnson & Johnson, which along with Legend Biotech USA Inc., funded the development and conduct of this study and manuscript. Douglas W. Sborov has provided consultancy for AbbVie, Arcellx, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Caribou, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, Opna Bio, Pfizer, Regeneron, Legend Biotech, and Sanofi; received research funding from Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, and Regeneron.

: This study was considered exempt from review by an institutional review board as it involved only the secondary use of data that were de-identified in compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, specifically, 45 CFR § 164.514. The authors had permission to access and use the KRD+ database for this study.