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Article History

Received: 26 December 2025

Accepted: 19 March 2026

First Online: 15 April 2026

Declarations

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: The following commercial and other associations that may be considered to pose an actual or perceived competing interest related to the material submitted in the current paper have been disclosed/declared by the authors: Tove Henriksen has served as a speaker for AbbVie Inc., Britannia, EVER Pharma, Nordic Infucare, Neuroderm, Lundbeck, Ipsen, and Convatec; is a primary investigator on the NCT04380142 and NCT03781167 clinical trials as well as on a study sponsored by Britannia; and is a board member of a data monitoring committee for a study sponsored by Lundbeck. Juan Carlos Martínez-Castrillo has received honoraria as a speaker from AbbVie Inc., Allergan (now AbbVie Inc.), Bial, Krka, Merz, Ipsen, Italfarmaco, Lundbeck, Medtronic, TEVA, UCB, and Zambon; travel grants from AbbVie Inc., Allergan (now AbbVie Inc.), Bial, Italfarmaco, UCB, Merz, Krka, and Zambon; research grants from AbbVie Inc., Allergan (now AbbVie Inc.), Merz, Italfarmaco, Lundbeck, UCB, and Zambon; and participated in advisory boards for AbbVie Inc., Bial, Merz, Ipsen, Italfarmaco, Lundbeck, Orion, Stada, UCB, and Zambon. Mark H.B. Huisman has received honorarium for participation in advisory boards for AbbVie Inc. and Eurocept International; and is a principal investigator for the NCT04380142 and NCT03781167 clinical trials. Sara Dhanani received advisory honoraria from Amneal as well as AbbVie Inc., and is an investigator on studies funded by AbbVie Inc. Elizabeth Peckham receives funding for clinical trial research from the following companies: AbbVie Inc., Annovis, Amylyx, Aptinyx, Biogen, Biohaven, Bristol Meyers Squibb, Cerevance, Cerevel, Ferrer, Inhibikase, Lilly, Roche, Sun Pharma, Takeda, TruBinding, and Ventus Therapeutics in the past two years. Jason Aldred is a study investigator for AbbVie Inc., AC Immune, Annovis, Aptinyx, AstraZeneca, Atara, Athira, Biogen, Biovie, Boston Scientific, Celgene, Cerevance, Cerevel, Denali, EIP Pharma, Eli Lilly, Impax, Inhibikase, IRL Therapeutics, Merz, Neuraly, Neurocrine, Neuoderm, Novartis, PD Gene/PSG, Praxis, Revance, Roche/Genentech, Sage, Sanofi/Genzyme, Scion Neurostem, Takeda, Theravance, Triplet/HSG, and UCB Pharma; has received honorarium from Abbott, AbbVie Inc., Allergan (now AbbVie Inc.), Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Teva, and US WorldMeds. Lars Bergmann, Megha B. Shah, Resmi Gupta, Pavnit Kukreja, and Juan Carlos Parra are employees of AbbVie Inc., and may hold AbbVie Inc. stock and/or stock options. Victor S.C. Fung receives a salary from NSW Health; has received unrestricted research grants from The Michael J. Fox Foundation; and receives royalties from Health Press, Taylor and Francis Group LLC, and Oxford University Press.

: The independent ethics committees (IECs) or institutional review boards (IRBs) at each study site approved the clinical trial protocol, informed consent forms, and recruitment materials before patient enrollment (with the names of all IECs/IRBs providing approval previously published in the Aldred et al. [ ] Supplementary Appendix). The clinical trial was conducted in accordance with its protocol and the International Conference for Harmonization guidelines, applicable regulations, and the Declaration of Helsinki (and its later amendments). All patients provided written informed consent before initiating any study-specific procedures.