Document is current

Article History

Received: 21 January 2026

Accepted: 23 March 2026

First Online: 18 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Lisa A. Beck is a consultant for AbbVie, Amgen, Apogee, Arcutis, Arena Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Astria Therapeutics, Bambusa Therapeutics Inc, Belharra Therapeutics, Celldex Therapeutics, Dermavent, Eli Lilly and Company, Escient Pharma, Evommune, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Invea Therapeutics, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Merck, Nektar Therapeutics, Novartis, Numab Therapeutics, Pfizer, RAPT Therapeutics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., ResVitaBio, Inc., Ribon Therapeutics, Sanofi-Aventis/Genzyme, Sitryx Therapeutics, Stealth BioTherapeutics, TRex Bio, Inc, Triveni Bio, UCB Pharma, UNION Therapeutics, Xencor, and Zai Laboratory; is a Novartis DMC Member; and an investigator for Novartis, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., and Sanofi. Eric L. Simpson reports being a principal investigator with and in receipt of grants from AbbVie, Acrotech, Amgen, Arcutis, ASLAN, Castle, CorEvitas, Dermavant, Dermira, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sanofi-Genzyme, Target, Veriskin; and reports personal fees from AbbVie, Aclaris Therapeutics, Amgen, Arcutis, Astria Therapeutics, Attovia Therapeutics Inc., Bambusa Therapeutics Inc., Castle, CorEvitas, Dermira, Eli Lilly, Evomunne, FIDE, Impetus Healthcare, Incyte, Inmagene Biopharmaceuticals, Innovaderm Reche/Indero, Janssen, LectureLinx (LLX), LEO Pharma, Numab Therapeutics AG, Pfizer, Recludix Pharma, Regeneron, Roche Products Ltd, Sanofi-Genzyme, Sitryx Therapeutic. Diamant Thaçi is a consultant, advisory board member, and/or investigator, for AbbVie, Almirall, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galderma, GSK, Janssen-Cilag, LEO Pharma, L'Oréal, NewBridge, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Samsung, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, Target-RWE, UCB and Vichy. Marjolein de Bruin-Weller: is a consultant, advisory board member, and/or speaker for AbbVie, Almirall, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sanofi, and UCB. Mette Deleuran reports research support/consulting/advisory board agreements, travel support, and/or honoraria for lectures with AbbVie, Almirall, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Kymab, La Roche-Posay, LEO Pharma, Mustela, Numab Therapeutics AG, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sanofi, and UNION Therapeutics. Yoko Kataoka is or has been a speaker for AbbVie, Maruho, Pfizer, and Sanofi; and a study investigator for AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, LEO Pharma, Maruho, Otsuka, Pfizer, Sanofi, and Taiho Pharma. Andrew Blauvelt is a speaker for Almirall, Eli Lilly, LEO Pharma, Sanofi, and UCB-speaker (received honoraria); a scientific advisor (received honoraria) to AbbVie, Almirall, Alumis, Amgen, AnaptysBio, Apogee, Arcutis, Astria, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Corvus, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Immunovant, Incyte, IQVIA, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Lipidio, Merck, Novartis, Oruka, Paragon, Pfizer, Rani Therapeutics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sanofi, Spherix Global Insights, Sun Pharma, Syncona, Takeda, UCB, Union, and Zai Lab-; a clinical study investigator (institution has received clinical study funds) with AbbVie, Acelyrin, Almirall, Alumis, Amgen, Arcutis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Incyte, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sanofi, Sun Pharma, Takeda, and UCB; and owns stock in Lipidio and Oruka. Andreas Wollenberg: has served as an investigator for Beiersdorf, Eli Lilly, Galderma, LEO Pharma, MedImmune, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., and Sanofi; a consultant for AbbVie, Aileens Pharma, Almirall, Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Galderma, GSK, LEO Pharma, MedImmune, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., and Sanofi; and has been in receipt of research grants from Beiersdorf, LEO Pharma, and Pierre Fabre.. Lawrence Eichenfield is a consultant with AbbVie, Acrotech, Amgen, Apogee Therapeutics, Arcutis, Attovia, BMS, Castle Biosciences, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Forté, Galderma, Incyte, Janssen, Novartis, Ortho Dematologics, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sanofi, Takeda, TRex Bio, UCB, and Verrica Pharmaceuticals; and reports study support (to institution) from AbbVie, Castle Biosciences, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Incyte, Janssen, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sanofi, and Valeant. Faisal A. Khokhar, Anna Coleman, Yonghao Ma, Elena Avetisova, and Tien V. Nguyen are employees of and shareholders in Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. Michael Van Spall and Annie Zhang are Sanofi employees, and may hold stock and/or stock options in the company.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committees and the Declaration of Helsinki and with the International Council for Harmonisation guidelines for Good Clinical Practice. The trial was overseen by an independent data and safety monitoring board. The protocol was reviewed and approved by institutional review boards/ethics committees at all centers (Table S4). All patients provided written informed consent before any study procedures began.