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Article History

Received: 21 November 2025

Accepted: 24 March 2026

First Online: 18 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Adriana Boateng-Kuffour, Keval Chandarana, and Liang Chen are employees of Vertex Pharmaceutical, Inc. and may own stock or stock options in that company. Huyen T. Nguyen, Katherine S. Chapman, and Emilee M. Cornelius are employees of T1D Exchange, which received funding from Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated for conducting this study. Caitlin S. Kelly is currently employed as a Medical Writer II at Syneos Health, but contributed to this work during prior employment at T1D Exchange, Inc. Wendy A. Wolf was employed by T1D Exchange at the time the study was conducted, but is no longer an employee of T1D Exchange. William H. Polonsky received consulting fees from Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated for conducting this study. William H. Polonsky received grants from Abbott Diabetes Care, Eli Lilly and Dexcom, consulting fees from Vertex, Dexcom, Mannkind, Roche, Abbott Diabetes Care, Sanofi, Ascensia, and Insulet, and lecture fees from Sanofi and Roche; all of which are unrelated to his involvement in this study.

: This study was reviewed and approved by Western-Copernicus Group (WCG) IRB and conformed to ethical standards outlined in the US Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects and current guidelines for Good Pharmacoepidemiology Practices (GPP). Respondents were recruited between June and August 2023 from the T1D Exchange Registry, which is an online, longitudinal study of pwT1D who consented to be contacted for additional T1D-related research opportunities, such as the present study. Participants were informed that their responses may be published in a medical journal, and written informed consent to publish was obtained from participants.