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Article History

Received: 19 December 2025

Accepted: 2 April 2026

First Online: 15 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Alexander P. Boardman received consultancy fees from Bristol Myers Squibb. Juan Luis Reguera Ortega has received consultancy fees from Kite/Gilead, and speakers’ bureau fees from Amgen, Incyte Corporation, and Kite/Gilead. Pearl Wang is an employee of EVERSANA, which received funding from Bristol Myers Squibb to conduct the analyses. Merav Bar, Jinender Kumar, and Thalia Farazi are current employees and hold stock in Bristol Myers Squibb. Alejandro Martín García-Sancho declares consultancy fees for AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genmab, GSK, Ideogen, Janssen, Kite/Gilead, Lilly, Miltenyi Biotec, Regeneron, Roche, and Sobi; honoraria from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BeOne Medicines, Bristol Myers Squibb, Ideogen, Incyte Corporation, Janssen, Kite/Gilead, Kyowa Kirin, Lilly, Miltenyi Biotec, Regeneron, Roche, Sobi, and Takeda; travel from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Ideogen, Janssen, Kite/Gilead, and Roche; and service as an advisor for Bristol Myers Squibb. Koji Izutsu declares consultancy fees, research funding, and honoraria from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Chugai, Genmab, Kyowa Kirin, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Novartis, research funding from Bayer, Incyte Corporation, LOXO Oncology, and Regeneron; research funding and honoraria from Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Janssen, and Pfizer; consultancy fees and research funding from BeiGene, Otsuka, and Yakult; consultancy and honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical, Symbio, and Takeda; consultancy fees from Carna Biosciences, Eisai, Mitsubishi, Nihon Shinyaku, and Zenyaku; and honoraria from Astellas, Eli Lilly, Meiji Seika, and Nihon Kayaku.

: Studies used in this analysis were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and International Conference on Harmonization Good Clinical Practice guidelines. Institutional review boards at participating institutions approved the study protocols and amendments, and all participating patients provided written informed consent.