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Authors
Bandari, Daniel
Conway, Devon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5359-6686
Dong, Liang https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5300-4547
Hong, Nicholas https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6004-3690
Li, Minxing https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5828-9458
Littlewood, Anne https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9357-8993
Roy, Mike https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6675-660X
Ulin, Sam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8729-0869
Zou, Chencan
Amerian-Williams, Babak https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5117-9871
Belviso, Nicholas
Lewin, James B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2352-9113
Mendoza, Jason P. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2526-5542
Avila, Mirla https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0605-9559
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Biogen
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Article History
Received: 13 February 2026
Accepted: 10 April 2026
First Online: 30 April 2026
Declarations
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: James B. Lewin, Jason P. Mendoza, Babak Amerian-Williams, and Nicholas Belviso are employees of Biogen and may hold stock in the company. Daniel Bandari: consultant for Biogen, EMD Serono; speaker bureaus for Biogen and EMD Serono; research support from EMD Serono (ended) and Genentech. Mirla Avila: consulting fees from Biogen, Genentech, Novartis, and TG Therapeutics (all ended); research support from Biogen (ongoing) and Novartis (ended). Devon Conway: consultant for Alexion, Amgen, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Genentech; speaker bureau for Biogen; research support from Biogen and Novartis. Liang Dong, Nicholas Hong, Minxing Li, Anne Littlewood, Mike Roy, Sam Ulin, and Chencan Zou are employees of ClearView Healthcare Partners. ClearView Healthcare Partners was hired by and received compensation from Biogen for the data analysis and writing support associated with this manuscript. They were not compensated for authorship.
: A license was obtained from Forian to access and use the Forian claims database. All patient information was anonymized, and patient confidentiality was maintained through compliance with Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act regulations. This analysis is based on previously collected data and does not involve any new studies of human or animal subjects.
