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Authors
Tan, Xi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2409-5927
Tsai, Wan-Lun
Liang, Yuanjie
Swift, Caroline
Fang, Gang
Muhammad, Chalak
de Havenon, Adam
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Novo Nordisk Inc.
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Article History
Received: 28 January 2026
Accepted: 13 April 2026
First Online: 30 April 2026
Declarations
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: Xi Tan, Yuanjie Liang, Caroline Swift, Gang Fang, and Chalak Muhammad are employees of Novo Nordisk Inc. Wan-Lun Tsai was a contractor for Novo Nordisk Inc. at the time of the study. Adam de Havenon reports research funding from NIH/NINDS and the AAN, consulting for Novo Nordisk Inc., royalites from UptoDate, and equity in TitinKM and Certus.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This retrospective analysis used Optum ® Market Clarity, a fully de-identified, HIPAA-compliant dataset; under US federal regulations (45 CFR 46), analyses of de-identified data do not constitute human subjects research and do not require review by an Institutional Review Board. No identifiable private information was accessed. This study analyzed secondary data from the de-identified Optum® Market Clarity without direct subject contact or intervention; per 45 CFR 46, analyses of secondary, de-identified data are not human subjects research and do not require consent.
