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Article History

Received: 21 March 2026

Accepted: 3 June 2026

First Online: 30 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Giuseppe Privitera received consultancy fees from Johnson and Johnson. Daniela Pugliese received speaker fees from MSD, Takeda, Galapagos, Janssen and Pfizer. Daniela Pugliese is an Editorial Board member of Advances in Therapy. Daniela Pugliese was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Alessandro Armuzzi: consulting and/or advisory board fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Eli-Lilly, Ferring, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, MSD, Mylan, Pfizer, Protagonist Therapeutics, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, Sandoz, Takeda; lecture and/or speaker bureau fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Arena, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli-Lilly, Ferring, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, MSD, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, Samsung Bioepis, Takeda; and research grants from MSD, Pfizer, Takeda and Biogen. Flavia Palumbo, Fabio Salvatore Macaluso, Lucrezia Laterza, Veronica Pardi, Anna Viola, Daniele Noviello, Brigida Barberio, Chiara Ricci, Paola Balestrieri, Maria Cappello, Giovanni Maconi, Renato Sablich, Angela Variola, Raffaele Bennato, Luca Pastorelli, Laurino Grossi, Davide Giuseppe Ribaldone, Andrea Buda, Fabrizio Bossa, Antonio Di Sario, Angelo Viscido, Benedetto Neri, Giammarco Mocci, Cristiano Pagnini, Maria Beatrice Principi, Marina Coletta, Carlo Petruzzellis, Silvia Mazzuoli, Stefano Festa, Agnese Miranda, Cristina Bezzio, Libera Fanigliulo, Giulia Rocco, Elisabetta Dal Pont, Rocco Spagnuolo, Edoardo Vincenzo Savarino, Flavio Andrea Caprioli, Walter Fries, Linda Ceccarelli, Franco Scaldaferri, Ambrogio Orlando, Anna Testa declare no competing interests.

: The study protocol was approved on 4 June 2018 by the Ethics Committee of the coordinating centre (Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy – Protocol number 18951/18, ID 2067). Independent participating centers obtained acknowledgment from their respective local Ethics Committees, which reviewed study documentation for compliance with institutional policies and data protection regulations, as per national requirements for observational retrospective studies. Patients included in the study provided written informed consent for their clinical data to be used for research purposes. The LIVE study and its LONG-LIVE extension were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and applicable national regulations.