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Article History

Received: 21 April 2026

Accepted: 22 July 2026

First Online: 21 August 2026

Declarations

Conflict of Interest: Elvira O. Gosmanova is an employee of the US Department of Veterans Affairs. Opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the opinion of the Department of Veterans Affairs. Elvira O. Gosmanova reported receiving honoraria from Ascendis Pharma, CSL Vifor, and AstraZeneca/Alexion, and institutional research support from AstraZeneca/Alexion and CSL Behring. Javed Butler reported receiving consulting fees from Abbott, Adaptyx, American Regent, Amgen, AskBio, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardiac Dimension, Cardior, CSL Vifor, CVRx, Cytokinetics, Daxor, Diastol, Edwards, Element Sciences, Eli Lilly, Faraday, Idorsia, Impulse Dynamics, Imbria, Innolife, Intellia, Inventiva, Levator, Lexicon, Mankind, Medtronic, Merck, New Amsterdam, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Pharmacosmos, PharmaIN, Prolaio, Pulnovo, Regeneron, Renibus, Reprieve, Roche, RyCarma, Saillent, Salamandra, Salubris, SC Pharma, Secretome, Sequana, SQ Innovation, Transmural, TikkunLev, Tenex, Tricog, Ultromics, Vera, and Zoll. Johanna P. Contreras reported receiving grant support from Novo Nordisk and Cytokinetics, and consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and AstraZeneca. Linda F. Fried is a member of Data Monitoring Committees for Regeneron and Novo Nordisk. Amarnath Kathresal declares no conflicts of interest. Wolfgang C. Winkelmayer reported receiving consulting fees from Akebia, Anthos, Apellis, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cadrenal, City, Idorsia, Merck, Natera, Novartis, and Vera. Hungta Chen, Pooja Desai, Mark Sanford, and Eric Wittbrodt are employees of, and may hold stock in, AstraZeneca. Judith Hsia owns AstraZeneca stock and receives salary support from CPC, a non-profit academic research organization affiliated with the University of Colorado, that has received research grant/consulting funding from AstraZeneca.

Ethical Approval: The TRACK study was approved by central and local institutional review boards/independent ethics committees (Supplementary Table  ) and all participants provided informed consent. The study was performed in accordance with ethical principles that are consistent with the Declaration of Helsinki, the International Council for Harmonisation Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use Good Clinical Practices, Good Pharmacoepidemiology Practices, and applicable legislation for observational studies.