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Article History

Received: 20 March 2026

Accepted: 6 August 2026

First Online: 26 August 2026

Declarations

Conflict of Interest: Ana Maria Vintila has received medical writing support, speaker fees, consultancy fees, and/or support for transport from Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Berlin Chemie Menarini, Boehringer Ingelheim, KRKA, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi, Servier, Viatris, Vifor Pharma, Zentiva. S. Masi has received payments for consultancy, advisory board participation, speaking, and lecturing activities from Servier, which are related to the topic of this study. He also received honoraria from Servier for contributions to the study design and interpretation of results, for the current study. Julien Magne reports consulting fees from Servier. Jacek Wolf reports consulting fees and honoraria from Servier for lectures/speaking activities, educational activities, and contributions to study design and results interpretation. He is immediate past president of the Polish Society of Hypertension (2022–2024). Gianluigi Savarese reports grants and consulting and personal fees from CSL Vifor, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Servier, Novartis, Cytokinetics, Pharmacosmos, Medtronic, and Bayer, personal fees from Roche, Abbott, Edwards Lifescience, TEVA, Menarini, INTAS, GETZ, Laboratori Guidotti, Lupin, Atheneum, Genesis, Uppsala Clinical Research Center (UCR), Hikma, Medical Education Global Solutions, and Translational Medicine Academy Foundation, and grants from Boston Scientific, and Merck, all outside the submitted work. Marta Nugnes, Chiara Veronesi, Luca Degli Esposti and Melania Dovizio have nothing to disclose.

Ethical Approval: This study was approved by all local ethics committees of participating LHUs (Supplementary material, Table ). The requirement to collect informed consent was waived, as it was considered unfeasible owing to organisational issues, in accordance with the ‘Data Privacy Guarantor Authority, General Authorization for personal data treatment for scientific research purposes – n.9/2014’ and subsequent updates. This study was conducted in accordance with The Declaration of Helsinki, 1964, and its later amendments.