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Article History

Received: 13 March 2026

Accepted: 20 August 2026

First Online: 21 September 2026

Declarations

Conflict of Interest: Michael Kreuter reports consultancy for Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb and Vicore and speaker fees for Boehringer Ingelheim. Matthew Kottman has nothing to declare. Fengming Luo reports consultancy for Boehringer Ingelheim. Tomohiro Handa has received a research grant from FUJIFILM Corporation and Daiichi Sankyo Company Limited and belongs to an endowed department sponsored by Teijin Pharma Limited. Carl Coeck is an employee of Boehringer Ingelheim SComm. Madhu Kanakapura, Christina Schlecker and Ivana Ritter are employees of Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH. Michael Kreuter, Matthew Kottman, Fengming Luo, Carl Coeck, Madhu Kanakapura, Christina Schlecker, Ivana Ritter, and Tomohiro Handa report medical writing support from Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH.

Ethical Approval: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. The trials reported on here were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Harmonized Tripartite Guideline for Good Clinical Practice from the International Conference on Harmonization and were approved by local authorities. The clinical protocols were approved by an independent ethics committee or institutional review board at each participating centre (Supplementary Material). All patients provided written informed consent before study entry.