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Article History

Received: 13 July 2026

Accepted: 4 September 2026

First Online: 5 October 2026

Declarations

Conflict of Interest: Tyler A. Vest was an Associate Editor for the American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy (AJHP), at the time of writing. John P. Bentley received grants or contracts from the Mississippi State Department of Health, Mississippi Division of Medicaid, Board of Pharmacy Specialties, Pharmacy Quality Alliance, National Institutes of Health, and Health Resources and Services Administration (subaward through the University of Mississippi Medical Center), and consulted for the Pharmacy Quality Alliance and Indegene Inc. Kaustuv Bhattacharya received grants or contracts from the Mississippi State Department of Health, Mississippi Division of Medicaid, Board of Pharmacy Specialties, Pharmacy Quality Alliance, National Institutes of Health, and Health Resources and Services Administration (subaward through the University of Mississippi Medical Center). Amy Ly-Ha, Dennis Smith, and Terri Kirby are employees of the Mississippi Division of Medicaid. Shadi Bazzazzadehgan, Eric Pittman, Liang-Yuan Lin, and Junnan Qi reported no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval: The study was approved by MS Division of Medicaid’s Privacy Board and the University of Mississippi institutional review board with a waiver of informed consent because of the retrospective nature of the data.