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Article History

Accepted: 3 June 2025

First Online: 24 June 2025

Declarations

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: All individual participants in the study provided informed consent for the data collection and publication of the findings in a research article. The informed consent was written in plain language and explained to the participants by the participating care personnel.

: A statement from the Ethical Board of the University of Lapland, Finland, was applied for and received in November 2023. The research permission was applied for and received from the participating organization. The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as per the ethical principles of research with human participants defined by the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity. The ethical aspects were carefully considered in the research plan and conduction, and all participants, who were competent adults, signed an informed consent. A predefined data security and privacy policy was strictly followed based on the privacy notice form that was formulated for the research and was available to the participants. All involved robots were screened to be data safe, i.e., personal data was not delivered to third parties through them. Research data was collected, saved, stored, and analyzed based on the data protection plan, including data safe drives to store data, pseudonymization of data, and safe protocols to share data between the included researchers.

: This article has not been previously submitted on any other forum. We wrote another article from partially the same research (third workshop), but the article’s goal differs; the other article has a separate contribution (accessibility of the robot’s voice). That article was accepted for presentation at the 2024 IEEE-RAS 23rd International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Humanoids), November 22–24, 2024, in Nancy, France. The paper’s title is “Accessibility in Senior-Robot Interactions within Care Homes”; the authors are Natalia Karhu, Aino Ahtinen, Harri Siirtola, Aparajita Chowdhury, Heli Valokivi, Hilla Kiuru, and Roope Raisamo.

: The authors declare no conflict of interest.