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Article History

Received: 15 June 2024

Revised: 18 April 2026

Accepted: 23 April 2026

First Online: 18 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was endorsed by Mzumbe University (reference: MU/PF/2650/54), which supported the application for research clearance by introducing the study objectives, design, and researchers to the relevant authorities. Formal approval was subsequently granted by the Tanzanian government through the President’s Office – Regional Administration and Local Government (PO-RALG), which oversees public primary schools (permit number AB.307/323/01/40), allowing the study to be conducted in schools. Participants were informed about the study and their right to withdraw at any time without any negative consequences. Furthermore, as the study involved pupils, their teachers were present throughout the sessions, providing non-intrusive supervision. Permission to publish the results of the study was also obtained (permit number AB.307/323/01/228).

: The authors declare no conflict of interest.