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Authors
Satake, Yuto https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9350-3162
Nygren, Minna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4086-2479
Yu, Clare https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7771-5838
Tsuboi, Akira
Endo, Ippei
Umemura, Kazuhiro
Katsuki, Kunihiko https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7420-8875
Ishimaru, Daiki https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9213-8220
Rapaport, Penny https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0479-6950
Bianchi-Berthouze, Nadia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8921-0044
Ikeda, Manabu
Howard, Robert https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3071-2338
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The University of Osaka
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Article History
Received: 20 October 2025
Revised: 6 March 2026
Accepted: 15 May 2026
First Online: 29 May 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the University College London Interaction Centre Local Research Ethics Committee (ID: 0416). All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation.
: Authors AT, IE and KU are employees of NTT West, which provided Azure services and server infrastructure but had no role in the data analysis, the decision to submit the manuscript, or the writing of the manuscript. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
