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Authors
Hussari, Mohammed N. https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1883-817X
Chronister, Briana N. C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8941-3981
Yang, Kun
Tu, Xin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6470-980X
Martinez, Danilo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6342-5928
Parajuli, Rajendra P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4899-7212
Suarez-Torres, Jose https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0318-6798
Barr, Dana Boyd https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5566-2138
Hong, Suzi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0300-5950
Suarez-Lopez, Jose R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9738-137X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES025792, R01ES030378, R21ES026084, U2CES026560)
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Article History
Received: 8 July 2024
Revised: 11 February 2025
Accepted: 8 March 2025
First Online: 7 April 2025
Declarations
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: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
: Informed consent, parental authorization of child participation and assent of child participants older than 7 years of age were obtained. For the 2016 examination of the ESPINA study, we obtained approval from the Institutional Review Boards of Boards of the University of California San Diego (UCSD), Universidad San Francisco de Quito and Ecuador’s Ministry of Public Health in 2016.
