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Authors
Yuan, Yirong https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3299-4922
Hall, Samantha M.
Amador Velázquez, Juan José
López Pilarte, Damaris
Vences Brown, Selene
Amador Sánchez, Magaly
Amador Sánchez, Juan
Claus Henn, Birgit
Scammell, Madeleine K.
Friedman, David J.
Brooks, Daniel R.
Leibler, Jessica H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0605-0928
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES031606)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (F31ES036454)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (T32ES014562)
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Article History
Received: 29 October 2025
Revised: 29 January 2026
Accepted: 22 February 2026
First Online: 9 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors have no conflict of Interest to declare.
: This study was approved by the Boston University Medical Campus IRB (protocol H-41282) and the Nicaraguan Ministry of Health (MINSA).
: Written informed consent was provided from all individuals included in this study. For participants younger than 16 years, written consent was provided by parents.
: Participants provided written consent to publish findings in an unidentified manner.
