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Authors
Li, Dejian
Bai, Yang
Xiao, Yu
Zhang, Yingbin
Cheng, Xiao
Xie, Yuhan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Joint Fund Project for Railway Basic Research by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and China State Railway Group Co., Ltd (No. U2468214)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52208369)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52578433)
the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (No. 2025ZNSFSC0409)
Sino-Japanese International Cooperation Program (No. 2024YFE0111900)
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Article History
Received: 6 May 2025
Accepted: 19 October 2025
First Online: 12 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare there are no competing interests.
