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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
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Article History
Received: 21 October 2025
Accepted: 10 May 2026
First Online: 10 June 2026
Declarations
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: This research is based on geological materials and numerical analysis and did not involve human participants, animals, or any sensitive personal data. Therefore, ethical approval was not required for this study.
: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
