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Article History

Received: 11 July 2024

Revised: 17 March 2025

Accepted: 18 March 2025

First Online: 14 May 2025

Delarations

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: LCW provides consultancy services to ImpediMed Ltd. (a manufacturer of devices for bioelectrical impedance analysis). ImpediMed Ltd. was not involved in the inception and conduct of this research, or in the writing of this manuscript. MCR and RNJM are employees of Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. LRJ, RNJM, GKM, CSY and CWS are co-inventors on patent filings by Nestlé S.A. relating to the NiPPeR intervention or its components. GKM, CSY and CWS are part of an academic consortium that has received grants from Abbott Nutrition, Nestlé S.A., Danone and Benevolent AI Bio Ltd. outside the submitted work. CSY has received reimbursement and honoraria into her research funds from Nestlé S.A. for speaking at a conference. KM has received reimbursement for speaking at conferences sponsored by companies selling nutritional products. All other authors declare no competing interests. JGBD is a member of the International Editorial Board for the World Journal of Pediatrics; however, this manuscript was managed by the Editors-in-Chief, underwent rigorous peer review, and JGBD had no involvement in the journal’s review process or any decisions regarding this manuscript.

: Ethics approval was granted by the UK Health Research Authority National Research Ethics Service South Central Research Ethics Committee (15/SC/0142), the National Healthcare Group Domain Specific Review Board Singapore (2015/00205), and the Northern A Health and Disability Ethics Committee New Zealand (15/NTA/21). Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from the mothers of the study participants.