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Authors
Xu, Xue-Qiong
Chen, Yao
Wang, Yi-Rou
Hu, Fei-Han
Li, Juan
Chang, Guo-Ying
Li, Xin
Wang, Rui
Ding, Yu
Wang, Xiu-Min https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2186-759X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Oriental Talents Program (QNWS2024011)
The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (YG2023QNA35)
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Article History
Received: 3 June 2025
Revised: 21 July 2025
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 13 December 2025
Declarations
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: No financial or non-financial benefits have been received or will be received from any party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. Authors Yao Chen and Guo-Ying Chang are members of the Youth Editorial Board Member for World Journal of Pediatrics . The paper was handled by the other Editor and has undergone rigorous peer review process. Authors Yao Chen and Guo-Ying Chang were excluded from all editorial decisions related to this manuscript.
: The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (approval number: SCMCIRB-K2025024-1). The ethics committee granted written consent waiver as this retrospective study used de-identified clinical cases obtained during prior diagnostic/therapeutic procedures.
