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Article History

Received: 29 September 2023

Revised: 18 December 2024

Accepted: 7 February 2025

First Online: 22 March 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: No animal testing was performed during this study.

: All necessary permits for sampling and observational field studies have been obtained by the authors from the competent authorities and are mentioned in the acknowledgements. The study is compliant with CBD and Nagoya protocols.

: The video annotation datasets can be downloaded from PANGEA at (currently in uploading and validation processes; link will be provided when available).

: PP and CO designed the objectives and structure of the study. PP and RMC-A wrote the manuscript. PP and CO coordinated the work and the writing of the study. CO designed and led the oceanographic expedition. CO, JLR, and JU conducted the data collection during the oceanographic expedition. CDC, CO, and PP designed the video analysis protocol. RMC-A, JL, and JU lead the taxonomic identifications. RMC-A and PP performed all the video and statistical analyses. All authors were substantially involved in the taxonomic identification, literature search, and/or writing of the different sections of the manuscript, contributed to the final product in significant ways, and/or provided approval for publication.