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Authors
Dumbo, José C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5787-3433
da Costa, Agnes A. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7259-6955
Ramoni-Perazzi, Paolo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9182-3798
Dos Santos, Quinton Marco M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2641-9059
Avenant-Oldewage, Annemariè https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8820-7679
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Italian Agency for Development Cooperation (MOZ - AID 012432/01/2)
Ministry of Science and Technology, Higher Education Professional Training of Mozambique
National Research Foundation, South Africa (CPRR nr SRUG22052013241)
Faculty Research Fund, University of Johannesburg
University Research Fund, University of Johannesburg
University of Johannesburg
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Article History
Received: 24 February 2025
Revised: 7 July 2025
Accepted: 15 July 2025
First Online: 23 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the government of Mozambique (Decree no. 71/2007, of 24 December) and institutional guides on the care and use of laboratory animals.
: All necessary permits for sampling and observational field studies required for Biological research in Mozambique have been obtained by the responsible authors from the competent authorities and are mentioned in the acknowledgements.
: Not applicable.
: JCD conceptualisation, preparation of the permanent slides, morphological analysis (LM and SEM), drawings and artwork, writing of original draft and revision of the manuscript. AAC examination of fish, parasite collection and fixation, preparations of the permanent slides and morphological analysis (LM). PRP conceptualisation, fish acquisition, examination of fish for parasite collection, review and editing. QMDS genetic analysis, genetic data curation, preparation of hologenophores, writing of molecular components, review and editing. AO morphological analysis, review of manuscript, editing and approval of final draft. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
