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Authors
Leasi, Francesca https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6995-0934
Álvaro, Nuno V.
Andrade, Luiz F.
Araújo, Thiago Q.
Aramayo, Víctor
Artois, Tom
Ballentine, Will M.
Bergmeier, Franziska S.
Botelho, Andrea Z.
Buckenmeyer, Ariane
Capucho, Ana T.
Cherneva, Irina
Costa, Ana Cristina Ricardo
Curini-Galletti, Marco
Davidson, Anitha Mary
Deng, Wang
Di Domenico, Maikon
Ellison, Christina
Engelhardt, Jan
Fais, Maria
Frade, Duarte G.
de Frias Martins, António M.
Goetz, Freya E.
Hochberg, Rick
de Jesus-Navarrete, Alberto
Jondelius, Ulf
Jondelius, Ylva
Jörger, Katharina M.
Luckas, Nina
Martínez, Alejandro
Mikhlina, Anna
Neusser, Timea P.
Norenburg, Jon L.
Pardo, Juan C. F.
Peixoto, Antônio J. M.
Roberts, Nickellaus
Savchenko, Alexandra
Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas
Tödter, Lenke
Yap-Chiongco, Meghan
Fontaneto, Diego
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
European Regional Development Fund
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
Directorate for Biological Sciences
Volkswagen Foundation
Azores Regional Government
National Science Foundation (2412308)
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Article History
Received: 15 May 2025
Revised: 29 October 2025
Accepted: 26 November 2025
First Online: 17 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All necessary permits for sampling and observational field studies have been obtained by the authors from the competent authorities and are mentioned in the acknowledgements, if applicable. The study is compliant with CBD and Nagoya protocols. No approval of research ethics committees was required to accomplish the goals of this study because experimental work was conducted with an unregulated invertebrate species.
: All data files can be found here: . Raw sequences obtained with DNA metabarcoding have been deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive under BioProject accession PRJNA1347756.
: All authors contributed to the writing and approved the final version of the manuscript. All authors who participated in the Azores morphological workshop contributed to sampling. FL: conceptualization, formal analysis, visualization, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing. DF: conceptualization, writing—review and editing. JKM: funding acquisition, investigation (grain size analysis). TPN: investigation (grain size analysis).
