Groeneveld, Mia J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1151-9196
Klein, Juliana D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6741-9821
van Staden, Michaela https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2798-7821
Bennett, Rhett H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9638-6811
Dicken, Matthew L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9779-2347
Ebert, David A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9705-2453
Mann, Bruce Q. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7130-6301
Perumal, Kashmika
Watson, Ralph G. A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1105-9879
der Merwe, Aletta E. Bester-van https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0332-7864
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Research Foundation: South Africa (MCR240422215314)
Shark Conservation Fund
Stellenbosch University Postgraduate Scholarship Programme
Save Our Seas Foundation (Keystone Grants 431)
Save Our Seas Foundation (594)
Stellenbosch University
Article History
Received: 15 August 2025
Revised: 2 November 2025
Accepted: 2 December 2025
First Online: 26 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical clearance was provided by the Research Ethics (Animal Care and Use) committee of Stellenbosch University in the form of an Animal Notification with reference number #ACU-2024–29892. This research complies with IUCN and CITES policy statements.
: The sequence data that support the findings of this study are openly available in NCBI GenBank ( ) under accession numbers PV812446-PV812493, PV814376-PV814425 and in BOLD ( ) project code: MTACR.
: Conceptualization and methodology: MJG, JDK, MvS, RHB and AEB-vdM; project administration and supervision: JDK and AEB-vdM; funding acquisition: JDK, RHB and AEB-vdM; resources: JDK, MvS, RHB, MLD, BQM, RGAW, and AEB-vdM; validation: KP; formal analysis, visualization and writing—original draft: MJG; data curation, investigation and writing—review and editing: MJG, JDK, MvS, MLD, DAE, BQM, KP, RGAW, and AEB-vdM.
: Fig. : Evolview and Canva; Fig. : QGIS, Canva, and Adobe Illustrator; Fig. : R Studio; Fig. : PopArt, Canva, and Adobe Illustrator.