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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Malta
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Article History
Received: 31 May 2025
Revised: 22 February 2026
Accepted: 25 February 2026
First Online: 11 April 2026
Declarations
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: Prof. Patrick J. Schembri has provided consultancy services to the tuna ranch operator in the past.Prof. Joseph A. Borg currently provides such consultancy services, and Mr. Andrew Agius currently works on third party monitoring programmes for the tuna ranch in question.
: No animal testing was performed during this study. No species were caught or harmed during the course of this research. Under current University of Malta research ethics regulations, this research does not require specific ethics approval.
: Original video footage is available from the authors on reasonable request subject to permission being granted by the tuna ranch operator and the company that collected the footage.
