Document is current

Article History

Received: 21 March 2025

Accepted: 10 December 2025

First Online: 6 January 2026

Declarations

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: KP, VG, JG, HD, MM, JK, and KS have no conflicts to report. Over the past 3 years, DB has served as a paid or unpaid consultant to Sleep Number, Idorsia, and Eisai. All consulting agreements have been for a total of less than $5000 per year from any single entity. Consulting has focused on insomnia, behavioral sleep treatments, and the measurement of sleep characteristics. DB is an author of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Addendum for PTSD (PSQI-A), Brief Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (B-PSQI), Daytime Insomnia Symptoms Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Diary, Insomnia Symptom Questionnaire, and RU_SATED (copyrights held by the University of Pittsburgh). These instruments have been licensed to commercial entities for fees. He is also co-author of the Consensus Sleep Diary (copyright held by Ryerson University), which is licensed to commercial entities for a fee. LR reports having equity ownership in BeHealth Solutions, LLC, the company that was originally established to make available digital health products, including Sleep Healthy Using the Internet (SHUTi), now licensed by Nox Health. LR is a paid consultant of Nox Health, which owns the IP of Somryst, a commercial PDT for insomnia based on the SHUTi program. These companies had no role in the preparation of this manuscript. The terms of these arrangements have been reviewed and approved by the University of Virginia in accordance with its policies.