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Authors
Haq, Inayatul
Liang, Haomin
Gong, Zheng
Xia, Zehong
Zhang, Wei
Khan, Rashid
Ahmad, Faizan
Kang, Yan
Huang, Bingding https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4748-2882
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (KJZD20240903095605007, JCYJ20250604145033042)
The Shenzhen Medical Research Fund (D250402003)
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Article History
Received: 20 June 2025
Revised: 29 January 2026
Accepted: 4 February 2026
First Online: 23 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no known financial or personal conflicts of interest that could have influenced the work presented in this paper.
: During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors used Grammarly to assist with English language editing and BioRender to create schematic diagrams.
: The data used in this study were obtained from the ISICDM2024 Challenge and two publicly available datasets, SICAPv2 and BreaKHis 400 ×. All datasets consist of fully anonymized medical images, and no new patient data were collected. Therefore, institutional ethical approval and informed consent were not required for this study.
