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Symbolic Faces and Artificial Minds: Evaluating Artificial Intelligence Recognition of Punctuation-Based Face Expressions Using ChatGPT, Claude, and DeepSeek Models

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12559-025-10487-1

Published Online: 2025-07-26

Published Print: 2025-08

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Akdeniz, Gülsüm https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9411-3318
Kul, Halil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6168-7462
Demirci, Harun https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2213-5953
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-07-26

Version of Record valid from 2025-07-26
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Article History

Received: 5 September 2024

Accepted: 17 July 2025

First Online: 26 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This work does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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