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Authors
Hu, Jiaen
Zhang, Juan
Li, ZiChen
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Digital Competence and Foreign Language Reading Research (No.27170124040)
Research on University Students’ Bilingual Reading Efficiency and Teaching Based on Artificial Intelligence and Big Data (No.22150124045)
Research Project on Bilingual Reading and Big Data Under Natural Language Contexts (No. 20190124076)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62472040)
Copyright Research Project of the China Copyright Protection Center (BQ2024017)
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Article History
Received: 8 July 2025
Accepted: 24 January 2026
First Online: 27 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
