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Article History

Received: 12 June 2024

Accepted: 14 March 2025

First Online: 24 April 2025

Declarations

: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. This work was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [OPP1182727]. Under the grant conditions of the Foundation, a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Generic License has already been assigned to the Author Accepted Manuscript version that might arise from this submission. The project also received support from the CGIAR Research Initiative on Sustainable Healthy Diets through Food Systems Transformation (SHiFT) from contributions to the CGIAR Trust Fund: . SHiFT is led by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (the Alliance), in partnership with Wageningen University and Research (WUR) and with contributions from the International Potato Center (CIP). The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

: Ethical approvals were obtained before the start of the FVN project from the Hanoi Medical University Institutional Review Board in Hanoi (45–18/HMU-IRB), the University of Ibadan/University College Hospital Ethical Review Committee (UI/UCH-ERC) in Nigeria (HNHREC/05/01/2008a), and the International Food Policy Research Institute’s Institutional Review Board (IFPRI IRB-007490). The randomized control trial associated with the affordability intervention was registered with the American Economic Association’s registry (AEARCTR-0007701).

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.