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Authors
Mafla, Ana Cristina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2805-7901
Peña-Argotty, Laura Sofía https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6462-9367
Mafla, Francisco https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5407-5425
Argotty-Pérez, Elehonora https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3875-9171
Gil-de-Miguel, Ángel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1295-7101
Schwendicke, Falk https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-1669
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Article History
Received: 22 July 2024
Accepted: 14 November 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests inherent to this research.
: This study exclusively used anonymized, publicly available data from the IDSN. In accordance with Colombian regulations (MSC, 1993), secondary analyses of anonymized public health datasets are exempt from institutional ethics review. Nevertheless, we ensured compliance with ethical research standards by maintaining confidentiality, integrity, and responsible use of health information. These practices align with national guidelines and international ethical frameworks such as the Declaration of Helsinki, reinforcing that the use of these data fully complies with ethical research practices.
