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Article History

Accepted: 30 November 2022

First Online: 13 January 2023

Declarations

:

: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study, because the Italian law does not require and ethical approval for tests performed on arthropods with exceptions of cephalopods according to the Italian D.L. 4 March 2014 n. 26, and Italian implementing decree following the European regulation 2010/63/UE. Moreover, experimental honey bee colonies were purchased from a commercial beekeeper in Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. They were kept, under the regulation of the law No. 10.081/83. Art. 4, in the Social Bee Research Centre (CIAS) apiary, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Although Ethical Committee authorization is not required for research with invertebrate animals, the researchers minimised the number of euthanised individuals as suggested by the UNMdP Bioethical Committee.

: The authors agreed to participate in this study.

: The authors have seen and approved the submitted manuscript and given consent to publish it in Veterinary Research.

: The authors declare no competing interests.