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Article History

Received: 22 July 2025

Accepted: 9 October 2025

First Online: 17 November 2025

Change Date: 28 November 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original version of this article has been updated to correct the placement of figures 1 and 2.

Declarations

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: All procedures in experimental animals were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Seoul National University (170920–10-2). The human study was conducted in accordance with the Korean Good Clinical Practice (KGCP) Guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided informed consent, and the study protocol was approved by the institutional review boards of Samsung Medical Center (No. SMC 2021–02-150–003) and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (No. B-2013/673–006).

: G.K. is the chief executive officer of KoBioLabs, Inc. K.L., S.H.M., and Y.J. are employees of KoBioLabs, Inc. H.L. is the chief executive officer of weBiom Inc. S.J.J. and S.P. are employees of weBiom Inc. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.