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Article History

Received: 4 August 2023

Revised: 26 October 2023

Accepted: 30 October 2023

First Online: 20 February 2024

Author contributions

: Ha-Jung Kim contributed to the conception, data curation, investigation, project administration, and writing, reviewing and editing the paper. Hyungtae Kim and Won Uk Koh contributed to the paper's conception, data curation, investigation, supervision, and writing, reviewing and editing. Hyeok-Seong Park contributed to the acquisition of data and visualization. Hwa Jung Kim contributed to the methodology and formal analysis. Young-Jin Ro contributed to the investigation and supervision.

: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

: This paper was presented at the 2022 Asian Australasian Congress of Anaesthesiologists (10–13 November, Seoul, Republic of Korea).

: This submission was handled by Dr. Vishal Uppal, Associate Editor, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d’anesthésie.