Document is current

Article History

Received: 7 July 2025

Accepted: 17 January 2026

First Online: 26 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The content studied in this article belongs to the field of welding processes, does not involve humans and animals. This article strictly follows the accepted principles of ethical and professional conduct.

: All the authors consent to participate in this work.

: All the authors in this work have consented to publish this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.