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Authors
Wang, Li’an
Liu, Xiaohui
Zhao, Huanhuan
Yang, Xiaoli
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Soft Science Project of Gansu Provincial Department of Science and Technology (No. 20CX9ZA039)
Gansu Provincial Higher Education Institutions Postgraduate Innovation Star Project (No. 2025CXZX-334)
National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Science Fund Project (No. 32360211)
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Article History
Received: 28 July 2023
Accepted: 8 September 2025
First Online: 1 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee (School of Psychology Research Ethics Committee, Northwest Normal University) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.I nformed Consent Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in this study.
