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Article History

Received: 11 November 2024

Accepted: 31 July 2025

First Online: 12 August 2025

Declarations

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: Data used in the preparation of this article were obtained from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database (adni.loni.usc.edu), which is publicly accessible at adni.loni.usc.edu. All data used in this work were previously collected and shared under ADNI’s established ethical approvals and participant consent protocols. As the authors had no direct involvement in data collection or contact with human subjects, no additional ethical approval was required for this study.