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Article History

Received: 12 September 2025

Accepted: 26 December 2025

First Online: 16 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve human participants or animal subjects. All experimental procedures were conducted using soil, plant materials, and laboratory-prepared fungal biomass and chitosan nanoparticles, and therefore did not require institutional ethics approval.

: Not applicable.

: We, the authors, confirm that we have read and approved the final version of this manuscript and consent to its publication in this journal.

: The authors declare no competing interests.