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Authors
Ludwig, Vera.U. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1800-0722
Prieur, Lana
Rennie, Scott M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9121-7293
Beswerchij, Andrew
Weintraub, Devora
Berry, Blaire
Wey, Jenny
Candido, Katelyn
Platt, Michael L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3912-8821
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (R37-MH109728, R01-MH108627, R01-MH-118203, U01MH121260, R01-NS123054, R21AG073958)
Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania (Wharton Dean's Research Fund, Wharton Dean's Research Fund)
Summer Undergraduate Internship Program at the University of Pennsylvania
Summer Undergraduate Internship Program at the University of Pennsylvania
Charles E. Kaufman Foundation (KA2019-105548)
Mind Science Foundation
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD114578)
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Article History
Accepted: 16 March 2025
First Online: 19 May 2025
Declarations
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: This research was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Pennsylvania.
: All participants gave informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study. They reviewed a detailed consent form within Qualtrics and checked a virtual box. They were also informed about the study verbally and had time to ask questions before the exercises began.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: ChatGPT-4 (OpenAI, 2023) and ChatGPT-4o (OpenAI, 2024) served as assistive tools for debugging R analysis scripts, drafting specific analysis script or text sections, and improving language flow. The artificial intelligence (AI) output underwent rigorous review, extensive editing, and validation by VUL. For certain sections, after a thorough back-and-forth exchange with the AI, the final output was deemed suitable for inclusion almost as is. The AI also provided suggestions for visualization, analysis, literature, and interpretation. These were thoroughly evaluated and selectively integrated into the final manuscript. We acknowledge the inherent limitations and risks associated with AI tools; thus, we have employed a careful and critical approach to leverage this technology responsibly. The use of ChatGPT was intended to complement and extend human intelligence, with the goal of enhancing the overall quality and rigor of our research.
