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Article History

Accepted: 11 June 2025

First Online: 24 June 2025

Declarations

: The authors affirm their commitment to transparency and openness in the conduct and reporting of this research. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. All procedures, including data collection, measurement instruments, and data analysis methods, are clearly described in the manuscript. The study design, including the diary method and multilevel modeling approach, was determined prior to data analysis. The data and study materials (e.g., questionnaires, diary templates) are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author, subject to ethical considerations and participant confidentiality. This study was not preregistered. No external sponsors influenced the study design, analysis, or reporting. The research followed ethical standards for research involving human participants, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Research Ethics Committee (UMT REC) (Ethics No.: UMT/JKEPM/2023/143). The authors confirm that the findings reported accurately reflect the data collected and analyzed.

: No generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools were used in the writing, editing, data analysis, or any other aspect of the research and manuscript preparation.

: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.