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Article History

Accepted: 28 June 2025

First Online: 5 August 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Joint Chinese University of Hong Kong – New Territories East Cluster Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Reference: 2019.059). The current study was also pre-registered as a part of a larger project on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (Trial Registration Number: ChiCTR1900022923).

: Informed consents were obtained from all individual participants included in the study, prior to their participation. Trained research assistants first explained the terms on the study information sheet and consent form to all participants at a briefing session, either in person or online. All participants received the written study information sheet and consent form to follow along and were given time to consider the content as well as to raise any questions or concerns they might have. Informed consents were obtained only after participants indicated an understanding of the content, particularly about their voluntary participation and rights to withdraw anytime without negative consequences.

: The funding source had no further role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. Prof. Susan M. Bögels has written books and provided teacher training on mindful parenting, for which she receives royalties and honoraria. All other authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. 

: AI software was not used in the preparation of this manuscript.