Funding for this research was provided by:
Young Scholar Project of Beijing Education Sciences Planning Program during the 14th Five-Year Plan (CECA21105)
Article History
Accepted: 24 July 2025
First Online: 4 September 2025
Declarations
:
: This study was approved by the Association for Ethics and Human and Animal Protection in the School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University.
: All participants gave informed consent, and we are grateful to the adolescents who participated in this study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: AI was used for editing the manuscript to improve English language.