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Authors
Ehmann, S.
Pohlig, R. T.
Chaoul, A.
Cuzzupe, J.
Vaughn, M.
Rocco, G.
Wangyal, T.
Gawrysiak, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3699-6383
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Article History
Accepted: 26 September 2025
First Online: 19 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the West Chester University of Pennsylvania (IRB Protocol ID# 20200921A) and was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: The current research involved human participants, who all provided informed consent prior to their participation in the research.
: Artificial intelligence tools were used by the first author to support the writing and editing of this manuscript. Specifically, OpenAI’s ( ) ChatGPT (GPT-4o and GPT-5) was employed to enhance clarity, coherence, and academic expression. Grammarly Inc. ( ) was used for grammar, spelling, and syntax checking. All AI-generated content was critically reviewed, edited, and approved by all authors to ensure accuracy, originality, and scholarly integrity.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
