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Article History

Received: 21 April 2025

Accepted: 14 January 2026

First Online: 9 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was given approval by the University of Manchester Research Ethics Committee (ref: 2018–3878-5778) and has therefore been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.Informed Consent

: All participants gave their informed consent in writing prior to taking part in the study.

: Kelly Birtwell has received payment for teaching mindfulness and delivering training sessions related to mindfulness. Rebecca Morris and Christopher J. Armitage declare no conflicts of interest.

: The authors declare that this paper represents their original work. No artificial intelligence tools or large language models were used in the creation or composition of this manuscript, beyond standard tools for grammar and spelling checks.