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Authors
Goldberg, Simon B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6888-0126
Jiwani, Zishan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9054-8982
Dahl, Cortland J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2994-115X
Tatar, Raquel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2510-7424
Dunne, John D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9404-7007
Davidson, Richard J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8506-4964
Hirshberg, Matthew J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9070-1270
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (K23AT010879)
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (U24AT011289)
Hope for Depression Research Foundation (Defeating Depression Award)
Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (DAF 2020-218037 [5022])
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH139512)
national institute of mental health (T32MH018931)
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Article History
Received: 20 March 2025
Accepted: 5 February 2026
First Online: 9 March 2026
Declarations
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: All study procedures for collection of Sample 1 and Sample 2 were approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Wisconsin – Madison (2019–1582 and 2020–0533, respectively).
: Participants in Sample 1 agreed to share their deidentified data for research purposes as part of the HMP app terms and conditions. Participants in Sample 2 provided a written informed consent to participate in the study.
: Artificial intelligence (AI) was used for assisting with conducting literature reviews and for creating statistical analysis code.
: CJD is Chief Contemplative Officer for Healthy Minds Innovations, Inc. RT is Chief Science Officer and Chief Operating Officer for Healthy Minds Innovations, Inc. RJD is the founder, president, and serves on the board of directors for the nonprofit organization, Healthy Minds Innovations, Inc.
