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Article History

Received: 21 January 2025

Accepted: 28 April 2025

First Online: 12 May 2025

Declarations

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: Analyses conducted in this study were based on the data available in the Genomics England research environment collected through the 100,000 Genomes Project. All methods used in this study were performed in accordance with the ethical standards, relevant guidelines and regulations. Genomics England obtained ethical approval for the 100,000 Genomes Project in March 2015 []. This ethical approval was awarded by a Health Research Authority Research Ethics Committee (REC). New ethical approval was not required for this study as no additional primary data was collected since the ethical approval was obtained by Genomics England.

: Genomics England obtained informed consent from all participants in the 100,000 Genomes Project for their data to be collected and stored in Genomics England's Research Environment, a platform which allows approved researchers to access the samples, genomic data and other associated health data. All data in the Research Environment has been de-identified and cannot be extracted by researchers []. Only aggregated and de-identified model results data has been published in this article.

: The authors declare no competing interests.