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Article History

Received: 8 February 2025

Accepted: 17 June 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Shaanxi Provincal People’s Hospital. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants. All methods were carried out in accordance with Declaration of Helsinki.All animal procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital (Approval No: SPH-2023-0126). The maximal permitted tumor burden was defined as a volume ≤ 1,500 mm³ (or 15 mm diameter), consistent with institutional guidelines for humane endpoints. Throughout the study, no tumor exceeded this limit. Mice were monitored every 48 h; all were euthanized upon reaching ≤ 1,500 mm³ or if distress signs (e.g., weight loss > 20%, lethargy) occurred. No exceptions occurred.

: All the authors confirming that written informed consent was obtained from all subjects and/or their legal guardian(s).

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: We confirm that all animal experiments in this study were performed in accordance with internationally recognized principles for the care and use of laboratory animals. This experimental protocol was approved by the Chinese Institutional Committee for the Protection and Utilization of Animals. This institution is committed to ensuring the humane treatment of all animals used in research, including adherence to ethical principles and internationally recognized guidelines for euthanasia. The following protocols and principles govern the implementation of euthanasia for animal models: