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Authors
Cai, Angshu
Zha, Bowen
Zhang, Chen
Guo, Shuying
Wang, Guiqi
He, Shun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (grant no. 2021-I2M-1-015, 2021-I2M-1-061, 2021-I2M-1-013, 2022-I2M-C&T-B-054)
Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen (No. SZSM201911008)
Capital’s Funds for Health Improvement and Research (grant no. CRF2020-2-4025)
Beijing Hope Run Special Fund of Cancer Foundation of China (grant no. LC2021A03)
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Article History
Received: 18 February 2025
Accepted: 7 July 2025
First Online: 17 July 2025
Declarations
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: This study was based on publicly available data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which provides de-identified participant information. The research and survey methods used in the NHANES were approved by the NCHS Ethics Review Board, and relevant ethical protocol numbers and information are available on the official website ().
: Participants in the NHANES program provided written informed consent before data collection. All data used in this study were sourced from official NHANES public releases in accordance with the NHANES data release and access policy, which permits unrestricted public use and access to the released data. Additional information is available on the official website ().
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable. This study utilized only de-identified, publicly available data with no direct involvement of human or animal subjects.
