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Authors
Cheng, Feng
Yang, Li
Wen, Qiang
Xu, Jianying
Shao, Feng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical Health Science and Technology Project of the Zhejiang Provincial Health Commission (2021KY580, 2021KY580, 2021KY580, 2021KY580, 2021KY580)
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Article History
Received: 15 February 2025
Accepted: 10 July 2025
First Online: 16 July 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital (approval number: IRB-2023-1050). Prior to undergoing surgical treatment, all patients provided written informed consent to participate in this study. The consent process complied with both institutional requirements and international ethical standards.
: All authors confirm that the manuscript contains no individual patient data in any form (including text, images, or identifiers). Participants were informed about the publication of aggregate findings and provided consent accordingly. The authors affirm that publication does not compromise participant confidentiality.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
